{"id":157155,"date":"2016-03-14T21:04:21","date_gmt":"2016-03-14T20:04:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sandzakpress.net\/arhiva\/cetiri-muslimanska-izuma-koji-su-promijenili-svijet"},"modified":"2016-03-14T21:04:21","modified_gmt":"2016-03-14T20:04:21","slug":"cetiri-muslimanska-izuma-koji-su-promijenili-svijet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sandzakpress.net\/arhiva\/cetiri-muslimanska-izuma-koji-su-promijenili-svijet\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010cetiri muslimanska izuma koji su promijenili svijet"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\"1001-exhibit_tp2_jpg_610x343_crop_upscale_q85\"<\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Stvari koje podrazumjevamo u svakodnevnici a njihovo porijeklo mo\u017eda ne znaju:\u2026<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u00a0Kahva<\/strong>Oko 1.600.000.000 \u0161olja kahve se konzumira svaki dan \u0161irom svijeta. Milijarde ljudi je koriste kao dio svoje dnevne rutine. A opet, vrlo malo ljudi zna za muslimansko porijeklo ovog sveprisutnog pi\u0107a.<\/p>\n

Prema historijskim podacima, u 1400. godini, kafa je postala vrlo popularno pi\u0107e u Jemenu, na ju\u017enom Arapskom poluotoku. Legenda ka\u017ee da je pastir (neki ka\u017eu u Jemenu, neki ka\u017eu u Etiopiji) primjetio da bi mu koza postala vrlo energi\u010dna i nervozna kada bi jela zrna sa odre\u0111enog stabla. On je skupio hrabrost da i sam proba to zrno, te primjetio da mu je dalo poticaj energije. Vremenom, razvijena je tradicija pr\u017eenja zrna kahve i na koncu, ro\u0111ena je kahva.<\/p>\n

Bez obzira na to da li se pri\u010da o pastiru stvarno dogodila, kahva je prona\u0161la put od visoravni Jemena do ostatka Otomanskog carstva u 15. stolje\u0107u.<\/p>\n

Objekti specijalizirani za novo pi\u0107e su po\u010deli da ni\u010du u svim ve\u0107im gradovima u muslimanskom svijetu: Kairo, Istanbul, Damask i Bagdad. Iz muslimanskog svijeta, pi\u0107e je prona\u0161lo svoj put u Evropu kroz veliki trgova\u010dki grad Veneciju.<\/p>\n

Iako je u po\u010detku osu\u0111eno kao \u201cmuslimansko pi\u0107e\u201d od strane katoli\u010dke vlasti, kahva je postala dio europske kulture. Kahvane 1600-ih godina su bile mjesta u kojima bi se filozofi sastajali i razgovarali o pitanjima kao \u0161to su prava \u010dovjeka, uloga vlade i demokratija.Ovi razgovori uz kahvu su izrodili ono \u0161to je postalo prosvjetiteljstvo, jedan od najja\u010dih intelektualnih pokreta modernog svijeta.<\/p>\n

Algebra<\/strong><\/p>\n

Iako mnogi u\u010denici srednjih \u0161kola koji se bore sa matematikom mo\u017eda se cijene va\u017enost algebre, to je jedan od najva\u017enijih doprinosa muslimanskog Zlatnog doba modernom svijetu. Razvijena je od strane velikog nau\u010dnika i matemati\u010dara, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi, koji je \u017eivio 780-850 u Perziji i Iraku.<\/p>\n

U svojoj monumentalnoj knjizi, Al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar f\u012b Hisab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala, on je naveo osnovne principe algebarskih jedna\u010dina. Samo ime ove knjige sadr\u017ei rije\u010d \u201cAl-Jabr\u201d, \u0161to zna\u010di \u201czavr\u0161etak\u201d, a iz ove rije\u010di je izvedena rije\u010d algebra. U knjizi, al-Khawarizmi obja\u0161njava kako koristiti algebarske jedna\u010dine sa nepoznatim varijablama da bismo rije\u0161ili stvarne probleme, kao \u0161to su obra\u010dun zekata i podjela nasljedstva.
\nJedinstveni aspekt njegovog obrazlo\u017eenja za razvoj algebre je \u017eelja da se prora\u010duni koje nala\u017ee islamski zakon lak\u0161e obave u svijetu bez kalkulatora i kompjutera.<\/p>\n

Knjige Al-Khawarizimija su prevedene na latinski u Europi 1100. godine, gdje je bio poznat kao Algoritmi (algoritam je rije\u010d koja se zasniva na njegovom imenu i njegovim matemati\u010dkim radovima).<\/p>\n

Bez njegovog rada u razvoju algebre, moderne prakti\u010dne primjene matematike, kao \u0161to su in\u017eenjering, ne bi bile mogu\u0107e. Njegovi radovi su kori\u0161teni kao ud\u017ebenici matematike u evropskim univerzitetima stotinama godina nakon njegove smrti.<\/p>\n

Univerziteti sa diplomama<\/strong><\/p>\n

Govore\u0107i o univerzitetima, oni su tako\u0111er izum koji je omogu\u0107io muslimanski svijet. Rano u islamskoj historiji, d\u017eamije su se pretvarale i u \u0161kole. Imami bi u\u010dili grupe u\u010denika o islamskih naukama kao \u0161to su Kur'an, fikh (sudska praksa) i hadis. Po\u0161to je muslimanski svijet rastao, bile su potrebne formalne institucije, poznate kao medrese, koje su bile posve\u0107ene edukaciji studenata.<\/p>\n

Prva formalna medresa je al-Karaouine, osnovana 859. od strane Fatime al-Fihri u Fesu, Maroko.Njena \u0161kola je privukla neke od vode\u0107ih u\u010denjaka Sjeverne Afrike.<\/p>\n

U Al-Karaouine, studente su u\u010dili nastavnici dugi niz godina o razli\u010ditim temama sekularnih i religijskih nauka. Na kraju programa, ako su nastavnici smatrali da su njihovi u\u010denici kvalifikovani, oni bi im dali potvrdu poznatu kao ijaza, koja priznaje da je u\u010denik razumio materijal i da je sada kvalifikovan da \u0161iri to znanje drugim studentima.<\/p>\n

Ove prve obrazovne ustanove sa izdavanjem diploma su se brzo pro\u0161irile \u0161irom muslimanskog svijeta. Al-Azhar je osnovan u Kairu 970., a u 1000., Seld\u017euci su osnovali na desetine medresa \u0161irom Bliskog istoka. Koncept instituta koji daju certifikate o zavr\u0161enim stupnjevima se pro\u0161irio u Evropu kroz muslimansku \u0160paniju, gdje su evropski studenti putovali na studije.<\/p>\n

Univerzitet u Bolonji u Italiji i Oxford u Engleskoj su osnovani u 11. i 12. stolje\u0107a i nastavili su muslimansku tradiciju davanja diploma za studente koji su ih zaslu\u017eili, te ih koristili da bi prosudili kvalifikaciju osobe u odre\u0111enoj temi.<\/p>\n

Kamere<\/strong><\/p>\n

Te\u0161ko je zamisliti svijet bez fotografije. Kompanije koje vrijede milijarde dolara, od Instagrama do Canona, se zasnivaju na ideji hvatanja svjetlosti iz scene, stvaraju\u0107i sliku od nje i reprodukciji te slike. Ali to bi bilo nemogu\u0107e bez pionirskog rada muslimanskog nau\u010dnika 11. stolje\u0107a, Ibn al-Haytham, koji je razvio oblasti optike i opisao rad prve kamere.<\/p>\n

Rade\u0107i u carskom gradu Kairu u ranim 1000., Ibn al-Haytham je bio jedan od najve\u0107ih nau\u010dnika svih vremena. Za regulaciju nau\u010dnih dostignu\u0107a, razvio je nau\u010dni metod, osnovni proces na koji se svode sva nau\u010dna istra\u017eivanja. Kada je zatvoren u ku\u0107ni pritvor za vrijeme fatimidskog vladara al-Hakima, imao je vremena i sposobnost da u\u010di kako svjetlo djeluje.<\/p>\n

Otkri\u0107a Ibn al-Haythama koja su povezana sa kamerama, projektovanjem i snimanjem slika su dovela do modernog razvoja kamere i bazirana su na istim konceptima. Bez njegovih istra\u017eivanja o svjetlosti, moderni mehanizmi unutar kamere mo\u017eda ne bi ni postojali.<\/p>\n

islamstory.com<\/p>\n

Za Akos.ba preveo:<\/strong> Jasmin Mujaki\u0107<\/p>\n

Izvor: akos.ba<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Pogledajte vijest na izvornom sajtu:<\/p>\n

\u010cetiri muslimanska izuma koji su promijenili svijet<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Stvari koje podrazumjevamo u svakodnevnici a njihovo porijeklo mo\u017eda ne znaju:\u2026 \u00a0KahvaOko 1.600.000.000 \u0161olja kahve se konzumira svaki dan \u0161irom svijeta. Milijarde ljudi je koriste kao dio svoje dnevne rutine. A opet, vrlo malo ljudi zna za muslimansko porijeklo ovog sveprisutnog pi\u0107a. Prema historijskim podacima, u 1400. godini, kafa je postala vrlo popularno pi\u0107e u […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":157157,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10514],"tags":[10516],"class_list":{"0":"post-157155","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-islam-press","8":"tag-islam"},"yoast_head":"\n\u010cetiri muslimanska izuma koji su promijenili svijet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sandzakpress.net\/arhiva\/cetiri-muslimanska-izuma-koji-su-promijenili-svijet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"bs_BA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u010cetiri muslimanska izuma koji su promijenili svijet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Stvari koje podrazumjevamo u svakodnevnici a njihovo porijeklo mo\u017eda ne znaju:\u2026 \u00a0KahvaOko 1.600.000.000 \u0161olja kahve se konzumira svaki dan \u0161irom svijeta. Milijarde ljudi je koriste kao dio svoje dnevne rutine. A opet, vrlo malo ljudi zna za muslimansko porijeklo ovog sveprisutnog pi\u0107a. Prema historijskim podacima, u 1400. godini, kafa je postala vrlo popularno pi\u0107e u […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sandzakpress.net\/arhiva\/cetiri-muslimanska-izuma-koji-su-promijenili-svijet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Sand\u017eak PRESS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-03-14T20:04:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/sandzakpress.net\/arhiva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/1001-exhibit_tp2_jpg_610x343_crop_upscale_q85-300x150-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"150\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"bosniak\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"bosniak\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" 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